(norms and standards, environmental liability, environmental control and enforcement)
The REDD+ Social and Environmental Standards (SES) are designed to build support for policies and measures implemented by government-led REDD+ programmes and can be applied to all forms of fund-based or market-based financing, so long as the programme also contributes to positive social and environmental outcomes.
The Standards seek to:
The World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) looks to limit the negative impact that some regulations and standards may have on free trade, while also allowing members the right to implement legitimate policy objectives including the protection of fauna and flora.
The overarching goal of the aggreement is therefore ensure that ‘unnecessary obstacles to trade’ are avoided. Such obstacles may include:
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is a voluntary international agreement signed by 175 national governments. It provides a framework for subjecting the international trade of certain specimens to monitoring and control. It is legally binding and signatories must ensure that adequate national measures are undertaken to comply to it.
Species covered by the convention can be categorised into three main types (detailed in Annexes).
The EU Emissions Trading System is an international trading system used as a tool for reducing industrial greenhouse gas emissions, helping 28 of the EU member states (+ Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway) meet their Kyoto emission reductions commitment.
In order to give consumers confidence when buying organic food, all products that are labelled organic in the EU fall under Council Regulation (EC) No. 834/2007.
As part of the regulation, only food that meets certain strict criteria can be labelled organic - these are:
at least 95% of the product's ingredients of agricultural origin have been organically produced;
the product complies with the rules of the official inspection scheme;
The National Organic Program (NOP) details both production and labelling standards for 'organic' products produced and sold in the USA. Agricultural products labelled as organic must originate from farms or handling operations certified by a USDA accredited entity (State or private).
Production Standards - Crops raised without:
